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As an alternative, in this work an aquatic microrobot was developed using a distinctive concept of the building block technique where the microrobot was built based on the block to block design. However, the intricate fabrication and actuation processes employed for microrobots further restrict their multitudinous applicability as well as the controllability in high accuracy.
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Microrobots have been developed and extensively employed for performing the variety tasks with various applications. Furthermore, we identify the salient features, limitations, and material properties of each printing technique while providing certain projections about their future application. This paper reviews the various 3D printing techniques associated with droplet-based microfluidics. While previous studies focused on studying the role of 3D printing in microfluidics, no study has categorically focused on the application of additive manufacturing to droplet-based microfluidics. The emergence of 3D printing has found its application in microfluidics, providing an avenue for ease of fabrication with the aim of overcoming the limitations of conventional methods. This is because traditional methods of producing droplet-based microfluidics are mostly time-consuming and labor-intensive and involve multiple processes. While this field of study has grown increasingly over the years, the conventional method of fabricating these devices has discouraged their large-scale production, making their commercialization almost impossible.
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The advent of microfluidics, especially with the integration of droplet-based systems, has led to significant innovations and outstanding applications in many fields. As a proof of concept for the profound biomedical applications with the present manufacturing configuration, a 3D printed hydrogel platform was fabricated with demonstrated characters for later cell seeding after the printing further opens a new chapter in terms of biomaterial printing. Experimental results illustrated that the use of SMA actuator ensued a rapid and precise flow control of biomaterial and can further facilitate to maintain the width of any printed structures. The SMA actuator restrains the amount of flows for fabricating the desired scaffold components. In this aspect, a microfluidic nozzle head equipped with two shape-memory alloy (SMA) actuators was proposed and integrated with a commercially available 3D printer to assist the biomaterial printing in a more systematic manner. Flow control is one of the major issues associated with the process. However, enabling simultaneous printing of heterogeneous biomaterial along with scaffold components through the currently available printers is still considered as a major challenge due to the lack of instrumentation. 3D bioprinting is one of the rapidly evolving fields of tissue engineering where microengineering meets cells biology within an unprecedented precision to construct tissue structures of various forms with complexity.